Two-wire double commutation telegraph system



Oct. 2, 19,51

Filed April l2, 1949 A T TOR/VIV rPatented Oct. 2, 1951 TWO-WIRE DOUBLE COMMUTATION TELEGRAPH SYSTEM Frank H. Fay, Huguenot Park, N. Y., assignor to American Telephone and Telegraph Company, a corporation of New York Application April 12, 1949, Serial No. 87,063

' 13 claims. (C1. 17e- 58) This invention relates to telegraph systems and more particularly to an improved two-wire direct-current polarential type telegraph system having a number of advantages over presently known systems, chief among which is a reduction in the adverse effects of induction in the operation of thesystem.

Induction or cross-nre as it is more generally termed in the art is frequently of very great importance. The signal currents received over long telegraph spans are generally of relatively small magnitude and frequently of the order of a few milliamperes. The` difference between the currents required to operate the receiving device such as a sensitive polar relay for one signaling condition and leave `the receiving device unoperated for another signaling condition may be only a few milliamperes. Under such conditions inducedcurrents of small magnitude may make a system inoperative.' For instance, when numbers of communication circuits are run through theV same cable and thus spaced closely together induction `tends to become an important factor. Near-a repeater station for instance at the end of a long span incoming signals tend to be greatly attenuated while signals outgoing over conductors in the same cable are at full strength. A relatively small amount of induction between adjacent conductors may make a large proportionate and adverse change in the incoming signals causing false operation.

There are` presently known in the art various Ways of coping with the foregoing condition but induction is one` of the limiting factors which is required to be taken into consideration in the spacing of lcommunication conductors as well as in the length of spans between repeater stations.

It is an object of the present invention to minimizre inductive effects in telegraph circuits.

As is well known, inductive eiiects may be produced in a particular circuit, say circuit A, by an adjoining circuit, say circuit B. Circuit A may also produce an inductive effect in circuit B. The circuit of the present` invention is arranged to neutralize the inductive eifect of other circuits in the present circuit and to minimize the inductive effect produced by the present circuit inother circuits. As a result of this it is possible to increase the length of spans between repeaters in cases wherein inductive effect on small signaling currents is a limiting factor.

There is another important aspect ofthe present invention. v An important factor in the operation of telegraph circuits is the effect on their operation, particularly the-operation of the reembodiments.

ceiving device, such as a polar relay, caused by variations in line resistance and in'leakance. In the case of circuits in cable, such for instance as aerial cable employing small gauge conductors, temperature changes and consequent resistance changes in relatively short periods, such as between morning and noon, are frequently considerable, affecting circuit operation. In the case of open-wire circuits wide changes in the resistance between the conductor and ground, or leakance as it is. known, are frequent, particularly in certain areas, due to changes in moisture conditions. When the weather is wet the resistance to ground is greatly lowered and its shunting effect on the receiving instrument is large.

The most effective manner of coping with changes in line resistance and in leakance resistance on direct-current telegraph circuits is described in Patent 2,131,870 issued to W. W. Cramer October 4, 1938, with particular reference to Figure l and Figure 2 thereof and their associated explanatory diagrams. The arrangement per Figure 1 of Patent 2,131,870, known in the art as a type A polarential circuit, is widely applied in telegraph systems on direct-current circuits which are subject to wide line resistance changes and the arrangement per Figure 2 of Patent 2,181,870, known in the art as a type B polarential circuit, is widely applied in telegraph systems on direct-current circuits which are subject to wide leakance resistance changes to minimize the adverse eiect of these changes. Both the type A polarential circuit and the type B polarential circuit are subject to the effect of inductive interference. The present invention preserves the advantages of the type A and type B polarential circuits while greatly minimizing or eliminating the adverse effects of induction.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide circuits having the advantages of type A and type B polarential circuits while reducing the effect of induction therein and in adjoining circuits.

The present invention in one of its more important aspects is a two-wire polarential circuit, arranged for transmission in one direction at a time, in which inductive disturbances are balanced out in the two wires. There are two In the rst, exemplified in Figure 1 of the drawing herein, the circuit is arranged so that the transmission is similar to type A polarential, with the difference that the effect is achieved by means of two conductors acting cooperatively. In the second, exemplied in Fig.

so that no inductive effect or at7leastfa-m-nimurn inductive effect is produced in other circuits.

Although the invention is presently'incorpof rated in two particular embo'diwwta; iiquisgto,` he understood that it is not so limited and may be incorporated in other embodiments which will be readily suggested to thoselskilled in the art' by the present disclosure.

The invention may be understood from the follawine aasatiptiart read with; reference to th? @.,SSOCKEPGOI @fafWlSS' in Which-.

Figure, 1 Shorts.v a, mpdied. directfcurrent, type AM polarential telegraph system arranged for double. commutationand employing two conductors between stations; and

Fig. 2 shows a modified direct-current type B polarentialV telegraph;system arranged for double.y commutation and. employing two conductors between stations.

Refer now to.'Fig. 1. First, to generalize, in this figure twoystations are shown, station A and station B, at the. left and right of the figure, respectively. They .are interconnected by two conductorsl and; 2 which, taken together, constitute a single telegraph channel as normallyemployed. Transmission overthe channel is possible v1in-only one direction at a time. At the left of Fig.v1 is show-n a telegraph channel` 3 extending to a distant station and at the right of the gure are shown a sending loop 4 comprising conductors 5 and 6- and a receiving loop 'I comprising` conductors ligand 9 which loops may ex,- tendj, for instance, toV a subscribers premises. At station Ajis Val receiving relay IV and at sta,- tion lM is aV receivingrelayV II each having a top andina bottomvwinding connected in aiding relationship in eachrelayto which windings conduc tors I and 2 are connected. individually as shown. Atstation A are: two sending relays I2- and I3 andan auxiliary relay Ill.V At stationv B are two sending relays i5 and I6,- each having a single winding connectedA in series in the sending loop 4.

Signals incoming over channel 3 operate thel armatures of sending relays I2 and I3 simultaneously to transmitsignals over conductors I and 2 from station A to station B. These signals are Yimpressed on receiving relay II at station B which propagates them into the receiving loop 'Ito the subscribers premises. Signals generated at the subscribers premises are impressed on the sending loop 4 andactuate sending relays I5 and I6 simultaneously. These relaysA in turn transmit the signals over conductors I and 2 to station` A where they actuate receiving relay I0 which in turn impresses the signals onV channel 3.

When signals are transmitted Vfrom the distant station over channel 3 to station A, receiving relay I0.at station A follows them. Retrans-v mission. of these same signalsback throughchannel 3 is prevented by auxiliary relay I4. The receiving relay I I follows the signals transmitted from its sending loop-4 and sending relays I5 and receiving loop 'I'- and a marking condition -p1e' lay l0` engages.'asien-hangar. 'mamita Contact 4 I6. In following these signals the receiving relay II impresses them on the receiving loop I to provide a home copy of the message transmitted from station B.

Now to consider the arrangement per Fig. 1 in detail. For the marking condition channel 3 is terminatedz at the distant station in positive battery and the path extends -from positive battery through channel 3 and the top winding of relays L2, I3 and I4 in series and through the armature and the marking contact I'I of relay I0 to neg-V ative; liaftt'ery.'4 Current therefore ows in this path tending to actuate the armature of each of sending relays IIa-nd I3 and of auxiliary relay Mgtojthe leftlaslshown in Fig. 1, to engage with their'respective marking contacts. This effect is dlDIlflixrgglant,inv eajcnof these relays over the opposing efect `of current iiowing from negative battery through marking contact I'I of relay I0 and the bottom or biasing windings of, relays I4. I3 and I2 to 'ground; whichyerfecttendsfto actuatev the armatures of relaysV III, I3'` and I?V to' the right, and the armature of each offrelays. IQ, |13. andi; l2 `is actuatedv tgtlia lait.. t0 engage its, rer. spetive markinglcantactas. Shawn..

For this condition a circuitlnay be traced' from negative .battery .throughthelei .handl i Y .,raIavQl. h adjustable.resistance'l23to jnnction-24 wher it, divides intoy two parallel loramelies.` Onebranch extends. Y throughV adjustable.. resistance, 2st to. grour`11dl26.l The other branch, extendszthrougn the top". windingwof'relayfrrl0, conductor ,|V top. wfindingof relay Il.,'armat' a andmarkng can-V tact 300iv relay` I5 togroundff. `A secondcirf. cuit may be traced Vfrom; positive 7battery. throrfughV the` armature and marking'fcontactof r elay l2k and adju stableA resistanefll `torapei..k From apex 28.-.0r1e'btaalch extends.. throuaaadiustabla resistance 2,9; t9; er011nd-,2 6f A ,aeQQndbr-anh erf. tems.tlfirauehv the bottamwinding or relaylillline` conductor 2,- bottom. winding of receivirlarelay H: .andi the; armature .and-marking Contact; 3. of: relayA I6 to ground 3'Ig. Theeffect,of'tlfiisfcur-` rent inthe top. andg bottom. windings ofv -relay- I'I. is additive and in a direction toaactuatelitsz-arma ture-l to. engagaits marking.' contact '351i This-` closes the path through` conductors' and 9l of vails at the receiver on thesubscriberrstpremises.

Forl the marking condition also, `theeflect-'of the Culrent in theV windings of; receiving relay-I3 at station A vis additive and 'the armature of; re-

l 1 which.. impresses, negativa. .battery 'onlthcg apex 36;.. Y a.

When aspacinasignal ,is ,transmitted .fromtha distant terminal; overchfannel A,3,lthe channel. is O iaened.Vv Nov Current' flaws., in. the. tDnwihdings. of relays7 I,2,I3 and-Ilandthe armatures'. ,ofi these relay-,s are .actuated to i eneaeatheir rearzec. tive right-hand cor-itactsj'under'theV iniiu.81.19 of. their biasingwinging-sgK4 Thi rsesjtnefnolar'ty. apgliedtofeahof condatgra l; andi Tha-,arci mature 0f relay this actuated @langage-.with its. laftahand: 01" seating... Contact, Granma'. the re ceiving 10.09 and transmitting .a spacing: alle; al@ tatht` subsaribrsrrmisasf., Y

It will befObscrvad.thatttliegaignalstransrnitted over each of cpnduators, statica-A t0 StaticaA B- are polar-. Y Thatiathey a retracted. by reversals@ the polarityfgfnatentials.051mg. Samamaaatuae gonaectedtgeaalagf; l ad:

aseaoaeif 2 at station A. Each of conductors I and 2 is grounded at station B while signals are being transmitted from station A to station B.

. Conductors I and 2 will ordinarily be of small gauge in aerial cable. The individual conductors will be affected by changes in temperature which may be as much as 100 F. from night to day and even greater in certain cases. This results in wide changes in resistance of the conductors, but since the individual conductors when in aerial cable are enclosed in an impermeable sheath, they are relatively unaffected by variations in moisture conditions and therefore leakance is relatively small and stable. The strength of the polar signals over each wire will be aifected equally by variations in resistance in each of conductors I and 2. The sum of the currents in the top and bottom windings of relay II for the marking condition will be the same as the sum of the currents in these windings for the spacing condition at any given time. The eiect of the current in each winding is additive for each of the marking and spacing conditions and the sums of the eifects are in opposition for the marking and spacing condition. The armature of relay I I will therefore respond With equal speed on marking and spacing signals at any given time. In short, the signals transmitted over the two-wire system from station A to station B are true polar signals.

In the case of relay I8, the reversal of the polarity connected at station A to conductors I and 2, when a spacing signal is transmitted from the distant terminal over conductor 3 through station A to station B, actuates the armature of relay I0 to engage contact I8. Simultaneously the armature of relay I4 is actuated, by the effect of current in its biasing winding, 1to engage its spacing contact 38 when conductor 3 is opened. This establishes a circuit from negative battery through spacing Contact 38, armature of relay I4, spacing contact I8 and armature of relay I0 to apex 36. The negative batteries connected to contacts I1 and 38 are of the same magnitude. Since negative battery is connected through contact` Il and armature of relay I8 to apex 36 for the marking condition, the connection of negative battery of the same magnitude through spacing contact 38 to the apex 36 for the spacing condition also, prevents the breaking up of transmission from the distant station connected to channel 3. even though receiving relay IIJ at stal teries connected to the armatures of relays I2 and I3 are al1 equal. Adjustable resistances 23 and 25, 21 and 29, are adjusted so that the magnitude of the potential at apex 24 for the marking condition is one half the magnitudev of the potential of negative marking battery I9 and the magnitude of the potential at apex 28 for the marking condition is one half -the magnitude of positive marking battery 2I. The potential drop from apex 24 at station A through conductor I to ground 3l at station B for the marking condition will be one half of the magnitude of the potential of negative battery I9. The potential drop from apex 28 at station A through conductor 2 to ground 3| at station B for the marking condition will be one half of the magnitude of positive marking battery 2 I. Similarly for the spacing condition the potential drop from apex 24 at station A through conductor I to ground 3l at station B will be one half the magnitude oi the positive spacing battery 29. And

6, the drop from apex 28 at station B through conductor 2 to ground 3| at station B, for the spacing condition will be one half of the magni-l tude of the potential of negative spacing batil tery 22.

The polarity and the magnitude of the poten-1 tial impressed on the spacing contact 32 at stad tion B is the same as that impressed on marking contact I9 at station A. The polarity and the magnitude of the potential impressed on spacing contact 34 at station B is the same as that im pressed on marking contact 2| at station A. Since the Vmagnitude of the potential at apex 24 is one half of that of the potential of marking contact I9, the drop of potential for a spacing signal transmitted from station B to station A from spacing contact 32 to apex 24 will be one half of the magnitude of the potential at spacing contact 32. Similarly the drop in potential for a spacing signal transmitted from station B to station A over lead 2 from spacing contact 34 to apex 28 will be one half of the magnitude of the potential at spacing contact 34.

In transmitting from station B to station A,

lconsidering conductor I and assuming a direction of flow of current from the more positive to the more negative point, for a marking signal, the direction is from ground at station B to potential at apex 24 where E is the potential of the source connected to marking contact I9. For a. spacing signal from station B to station A over conductor I the ilow of current is from apex 24, at which point the potential is to the spacing contact 32, at which point the potential is -E. The direction of iiow for a marking and spacing signal is reversed and the change in the magnitude of the potential is the same for each condition. In the case of conductor 2 the direction of flow is also reversed for the marking and spacing condition in transmitting 'from station B to station A while the magnitude o1 the potential change is the same for each signal.

The windings of relay I8 are connected, as explained, so that the effects of the marking signal. currents in the two windings of relay I0 are addi tive for the marking condition and actuate the: armature of relay I0 towards its left-hand or' marking contact Il, connecting negative battery to apex 36, and are of course therefore additive for the spacing condition and actuate the armature of relay I0 to its right-hand or spacing contact I8, connecting positive battery through contacts 3l and I8 to apex 36.

The signals transmitted from station A to station B are therefore true polar signals. The signais transmitted from station B to station A are eifectively substantially polar signals.

As the resistances of conductors I and 2 vary due to temperature changes, the potential of apexes 24 and 28 will tend to change and since the potentials connected to spacing terminals 32 and 34 are xed, the drops over conductors I and '2 will tend to be different for marking and spacing signals transmitted from station B to station A. However, by a proper choice of resistance values of resistances 23 and 25 and 21 and 29 it isposysible to achieve substantially polar signal transmission in each direction at a particular associated connectie-ns, transmission-,111. each cli-- rectien.: may be.: carried on. over: the; other .cone dlctorfanct. the;V transmission characteristics.- will reina-in,substantiallyuncnangediexcept. of course,

. t .oeconduoter transmissom Will; ,19... vailabie. Thisisgtruealso ofthe embodi mentper-Fia 2.

. Attentice-1y is particularly called to the; eff ect; of inductance enrthefclrcut of Fieri.. Assumefthagt asfa result ofa varying potentialin; a1 neighboring circuit.. .conduratorsY I and 2- are cut;` by-an-z electric; neld;. 'Ihese conductorszwlll ordinarily be. closely" spaceda sog` that the electromotive; force;` induced. in each Wirewillibe; eguallallidzthe current result, ine therefrom. willlnowatanyi oneinstantzin the Same; directioni. sayf from. station. A to station. B. alongrf. beth; conductors/a. The` impedance. or. each conductor.; circuit' vwill be; equa-1:. and; the inducedy curnents: im eachrot the: tirol conductors ,willv be equal. The signal currents will be equal and opposite. One signal current will be increased as much as the other is decreased and their sums anclgadditiveeffeet in,v the windingsof. the receivingrelay Willbe'uncl'angedlr vl/Iithrespect to. the currents inducedin other circuits? since the. polarity, .of the potentials. and. the direction of. flow of the'currents in the twoccndutors .are opposed, at each instant for transmission Vof either signaling condition from either station the inductive effects of Varying potentials from conductors I andvZ to'other circuits will be neutralized.

Refernow-'to Fig; 2 Whichshowsfa-secondembodiinent-of the invention; In `this iig-ure thev twoconduct'or anticross-firefeature isl incorpo'- ratedinv a:Y telegraphsystein which its transmissionA characteristics is arranged similarly toY whatisknownA in the art as; a` typev B' polaren'- tial-system whichr anords theadvantage4 th at .the operati nofrthe receiving rela-ys atgstation A and station -B- isfunaiectediby" variations in' leakage' resistance between the line conductors and ground' or byvariations in leakance as. it' is known.

As'isfwell known in the art,.in' the operation, of'open-wire lines., the resistance between the line and ground; or leakance as it is. called;l isaiected' by weather conditions; Whenthe Weather'isd'ry the resistance between telegraph*lineconductors and'fground is high. Whenthe weather iswet, the resistance between the line andgground'jis low and tends to affect theoperationof the tele-V graph receiving relay at each terminal due to changes in the received signal' currentsl caused bythe low resistance shunting or. leakancepath to ground;

In certain sections the change inmoistureconditionsof the airis quite variable which'. tends to,-

require frequent adjustmentin the receiving, re.- lays Orrin the magnitude of thepotentials. ap-y plied; to the line to compensate forthe changes which tendto increase .maintenance expense.

The manner of. coping, with: variable leakance. conditonsvon singleflinecircuits, however, isnoW` known.. Patent 2,l36,9 84,.granted.to..C, W.. .Smith} on November 151,4 19.38,- and.y Patent 231,314,8770 granted. to W. W'; Cramer-r Oetoben 4,1, l93 8, with.

forrftlref markingtand spacing-` condition.. Irn the...

Cramer. patent. asfexempliedinlig. 2 thereof, potentials@ .of .the same. magnitude and. of .oppositezpelaritiesi are. applied to: the line atene ter mina'l, say; station'. A,. forthe marking andispacing conditionslwhiletheline of the oppositeterminal', saey station B, .isigroundedt Noib'iasing offth'e re-f ceiving relay atlstationB is required.A The transe mission/for this condition is polar which: com-- pensates:A for variations eitherin the resistance Orrin-the leaka-ncel since' the marking and'spacing; signals: will be ,equallyv affected by such cllangs.Y If-he@ magnitude offthe marking our` rent, thatrisg-thecurrent tending tooperatethe armature'of the receiving relay to engage with itsimarki'ngf contactg-is equal to the'magnitude of` the currentl` tendirigto` actuate the armature to. engage with its spacing-contact; The armature will7thereforebea'ctuated equally fast in both directions and there will be nor-bias or lengtheningo-either signal.k rhe Cramer patent teaches ttinnen;isconnecteds-to menne at station-B. Thevr rec'eivingrelay.u atfstation A iisf. supplied with a; biasing effect. eqnaland` opposite to themean-cf` themarking andspaoing signal effect.

Insthe embodimentllof Fig. 2, the;transmission`v` theory of. the Cramer patent. isappliedfto a twoconductor system, which will ordinarily be an openewiresystem, subject to leakage, in a manner. toaiord other: advantages which itzis. 1111-' pessible tok attainwith a. single-wire systemV or with ai single-Wire system including also'a neutralizing.` wire..

Eefernogw. tlofEigl. 2; the operation. of Whichf willgfirst bedescribed generally and then in Ade tail.;V EigaZ: showsfstation A at-the left andsta-v tion Bi at@ the right, interconnected by' a two conductor transmissionrk system. As inA Fig. l tlzansmissionfisipo'ssiblei-in1only one direction at' a time. Extending toward thelef-t from statimil Aeiszra telgraphichannel 201lftto-'a distantrterminal.

` Extending towardA-mtheiri'ght from station B isja loop'tonafsubscriber station.- At station.` Aare twof sending-l relaysi 202: and' 2l3= which simultaneously receive signals `incorrnngi overchannel.

Zilli-rand transmitthem over conductors 224V andV 2251120V station B; wherethey are received by, relayfand impressed* on' the subscriber loop con-Y typev\ r`riterV receiving, magnet 244-. Signals. trans.-y mltted frornthejteletypewriter transmitting con-` ta ts-Stat thesulosg'zrb'er.y station. operate sending'. relays? 2.2`9`and 23.0.? simultaneously which finturn.' impressv them Yon. conductorsD 224 and` 225A. They are received atlstation vAloy receiving relay. 2Il41whichjin turn impresseslthem-on channelz'lftathe distant-terminal.- When signalsjare transmitted fromthe; distant' terminal. through station Afins tatior-i:13,` receivingl relay, 2.94 is; prevented from operating Whenfsignals: .aref transv mitied f.rfemf-thef;snhscriher sta-noa throuehfstae 202 and 203 in series and the armature and marking contact 22| of relay 204 to negative battery 220. The effect of this current tends to actuate the armatures of relay 203 to the left and of relay 202 to the right to engage their respective marking contacts 2 I2 and 209, and the effect in each of relays 203 and 202 is dominant over the countereffect of current owing from negative battery 220 through the bottom winding of each of relays 203 and 202 in series and through resistance 205 to ground, which countereffect is tending to actuate the armature of each of relays 203 and 202 to engage its opposite or spacing contact. The armature of each of these relays is therefore maintained on its marking contact as -shown in Fig. 2. For a spacing signal from the distant terminal, the channel is opened. The current in the top or line winding of relays 203 and 202 ceases to iiow and the armature of each of relays 202 and 203 is actuated to engage its respective spacing contact under the influence of its biasing winding the effect of which is unchanged. When the armature of relay 203 engages ts marking contact a path may be traced from negative battery 2l0 through the marking contact 2|2 and armature of relay 203 and adjustable resistance 2|5 to junction 252 where it divides into two branches. One branch extends through adjustable resistance 2 I6 to ground. The other extends through the top Winding of relay 204, conductor 224, top winding of receiving relay 228 at stationB, armature of sending relay 22 9, marking contact 230, and battery tap resistance 235 to ground 231. Simultaneously current ilows from positive battery 201 through the marking contact 209 and armature of relay 202 and adjustable resistance 2| 8 to the junction 253 of two branches. One branch extends through adjustable resistance 2|9 to ground 2 I1. The other extends through the middle winding of receiving relay 204, conductor 225, bottom winding of receiving relay 228 at station B, armature and marking contact 248 of sending relay 230 and battery top resistance 23B to ground. The effect of the current in the top Winding of relay 228 and the effect of the current in its bottom winding are additive and in a direction to actuate the armature of relay 228 to engage its right-hand or marking contact 223 as shown.

When the armatures of relays 202 and 203 are actuated simultaneously to engage their respective spacing contacts, the polarities of the potentials applied through the top and bottom windings of relay 228 are reversed. They will still be additive but in a direction to actuate the armature of relay 228 to its spacing contact. Each of the potentials '206, 201, 2 I0 and 2|| is of the same magnitude. The reversal of polarity each time a marking and spacing signal is transmitted effects the transmission of polar signals over each of conductors 224 and 225 which will be equally affected by variations in line resistance and in leakance resistance to ground so that the armature of receiving relay 228 will be actuated at any`given time at equal speed in each direction and no bias will be introduced as a result of these resistance changes.

76 left through conductor 224.

At station B, for the marking condition, a circuit may be traced from positive battery 234 through marking contact 233 and armature of relay 228 to junction 255 of parallel branches. One branch extends through the bottom Winding of relay 229, resistance 242 and the top winding of relay 230 to ground 231, and the eiect ofthe current flowing in each of these windings tends to actuate its respective armature to the right to engage its spacing contact. The other branch extends from junction 255 through the top winding of relay 229, resistance 243, loop conductor 25|, to the subscriber station, through magnet 244 of the telegraph receiving device and contacts 245 of the telegraph transmitter thereat, then through loop conductor 254 back to station B Where it passes through the bottom Winding of relay 230 and resistance 241 to negative battery 24B. The effect of the current in this path flowing through the top winding of relay 229 and the bottom winding of relay 230 tends to actuate the armature of each of relays `229 and 230 to engage with its left-hand or marking contacts 238 and 248, respectively as shown, and it is dominant over the countereiect in the biasing windings so that the armature of each of relays 229 and 230 engages its marking contact. Current in the loop also energizes the receiving magnet 244. When the armature of relay 228 is actuated to engage its left-hand or spacing contact 232, negative battery 23| is connected to vone end of the loop and negative battery 24B is connected to the other. No current flows in the loop. Magnet 244 is deenergized for th-e spacing condition. Simultaneously the current in the biasing windings of relays 229 and 230 is re'- versed and its effect maintains the armature of each of these relays in engagement withA its marking contact as shown.

In transmitting a spacing signal from the i subscriber station, transmitting contacts 245 are actuated to open the loop. No current flows in the loop windings of relays 229 and 230. The armature of each of these relays is actuated to engage its respective spacing contact 239 and 249 under the influence of its biasing winding.

To return momentarily to station A, adjustable resistances 2|5 and 2|6 are adjusted so that the potential of junction 252 for the marking condition of relay 203 is equal in magnitude to one half the magnitude of effective spacing potential of potential source 24| applied to the line 224 at station B. The polarities as shown are opposite. Similarly, adjustable resistances 2|8 and 219 are adjusted so that the magnitude of the potential of junction 253 for the marking condition of relay 202 is equal to one half the magnitude of the effective spacing potential of potential source 24B applied to the line 225 at station B. The polarities are again opposite as shown. In the case of conductor 2 24, for the marking condition, assuming a direction of current flow from ground to negative, current ows from right to left through the top winding of relay 204. l In the case of conductor 225 the direction isvopposite, from positive battery 201 at station A to ground 231 at station B, or from left to right through the bottom winding of relay 204. The top and bottom windings of relay 204 are arranged so that their effects are additive. For a spacing signal transmitted from station B to station A over conductor 224 positive potential 24| is connected to conductor 224 while a reverse polarity of potential of one half the magnitude is applied to junction 252. Current ows again from right to In the case of con-- '1121 ductor .-22.5 .the :magnitude of fthe .negative hpotential .-21.46 applied to -the line .225 -atstation -B `'is `.twice that -of 'the .magnitude ,of the positive potential applied Aat gjunction .253 at .station .A. .Againfcurrent flows through :conductor 225 ,from left, yt right. In `other words, the direction of currentflow lthrough both conductors- 2-24 and T225 :is-.the same :for aspacing signal transmitted -f-rom v,station B to station AA as for .a marking `signal .transmitted .--rom `station -A to -station. B.

Therefore, with :respect to the receiving `relay x.2.28 at station B, :since its .armature -is held to .marking for .aimarking signal transmitted from `station LA it rwill `also .be held .to marking Afor a spacing signal- .transmitted from .station B .and V`will be actuated v'to .spacing only for a s pacing f signal'received trom station A. The armature -of the receiving :relay ,29.4 :at Astation A .tends to be .actuated YAby the additive .effect of the :current -fineach v.ofaitsp line windings to engage its .spacing contact .222 .while .a lmarking .signal .is being transmitted :in `either' .direction Relay `204 is equipped .with .a biasing ycircuit :which 4extends .from battery 2.5.0 .through .adjustable resistance .-221 zand the bottom winding of relay v2114 .to ground. .iIIhe eiectof A,the currenti'lowing the .biasing'winding is .in `,a .direction to actuate the .armature :of .relay .2 04 `to `engage -with its .marking .contact and .the biasing eiect Ais dominant .for thenmarking ,condition so that .the armature .of relay-,2011 engages its marking .contact 221 .for the markingcondition. -Eor thespacing condition-transmitted vfrcllcstation A, since thepolari- .tiesoi the potentials .applied to bothconductors .224 and-225.are reversed, the effects of theicur- .rentgin fthe top and .middle windings. of relay P2M .will .bereversed They wil-lstill beadditive lbut they will .be r.ina direction to aid the eiect ofthe biasing winding in .maintaining .thearma- `ture `.of :relay .2.04 on its marking contact. In

Y I.the case of .a .spacing signal transmitted .from

station B, the direction of ,the flow of currentis `the saine :as forV a .marking signal transmitted 4from fstation ;A Vtowstation B, .the .effect .of which tends to actuate the .armature ,of relay 204 to- Ward vits spacing contact. When a spacing sig nal is Vtransmitted .from station B .to stationA, however, `due tothe increase in 4potential the effect in the line windings of relay 204 .is .great .enough to .overcome the .counter effect .of .the biasing winding. ,If .the biasing 4effect in ,relay 204 isestablishedatone half of the sumof the marking .effect and.o.;theeiect of a'spacingsignal transmitteddrom .stationB to .station A, Iand opposite thereto, `the .armature of relay 2M will be .actuated .in each..direction-with equal speed in response lto .signals` transmitted from station B. Y If `the magnitude 4and .polarities of the p0- tentials l:applied =to .the conductors 224 and .225 are as..described, `the Aolfleration .of relay 204 will be unaffected Aby .Variations of leakance.

'Ilheeiect Vof induction .in conductors 224 and 225 in .the .arrangement per Fig. 2 will fbe the same .as described for .the circuit per Fig 1.

There are .other Aadvantages realizable from theei-lcuits of .the .present invention as follows:

fSincebeth iii-ie .Wires are used for operating and the effects A:of the signal currents in each are additive, currents ,of smaller magnitude may be iemployedin each conductoror longer circuits can .be operated.

The `arrangement per Fig. 1 is operative in both directions alternatelyjocourse, over either .conductorif theother should fail.

`Theearrangement per Fig. 2 is ,similarly operative toward station Bpover lone conductor the .other should ffall. In thepposite `directon'if one wire should fail the circuitlis operative V'provided the -c11rrent.,in :theother-Wire fis not reduced below Athe vvalue :of the V`biasing current which maybe adjustedas required.

The foregoing will greatly `reduce Iservice failure. Y

What is claimedfis: l

f1. .A `direct-current telegraphsystem havn'gfia .rsteand a second telegraph signalfcu-rrent .con-

ductor, a rst .and iasecond` .endon 'said conductors at a -'lrst and arsecond station .'responsively, .a.rst anda second source. ofteguai and-opposite vpotential :at :said rst station, :a rstfand fa .sec- .ond .telegraph transmittingtcontactsconnecteduto .said ends of said Afirst .and said:second.zoonduc `*tors respectively Vat 4said rst +station,..means zat said rst station'ior actuating said :contact-seat said rst station .to zengage-said sources :.of'alo- .-tential simultaneously in. suchi .mannerias to :ap- .ply a potential lof opposite vpolarity to each :of ,said lconductors for -one :signaling-.conditionnand reverse -polarities lfor -La secondeondition, ,feacli'if 'said second Vvends ggrounded -at said'fsecond 'fstation, ,2, Vtelegraph receiving deyicerhauingiandnfdividual winding .conrecztedfin fseries iin teach'fof said lines atfsaid secondV station, a'saidaconneetions so made that their-effectsgareraiding.Y v

2. -In a .telegraph system, .a LAtwecondunter-adirect-current telegraph systemg'fsaid monductors grounded at la" rst-'statiomsources toi equalfand oppositerpotentials :connectable sirnultangouslytoV said `conductors at fa :second ;s.tation,-means. 'at said second station forfsimultaneous'ly.reversing said sources connectedto saidnonductors so .fas to transmit-=polar signals .fof 'oppositepola-rities .over each Yof said conductors:simultaneously, .a polar relay receiving devicei'hayingwarzrst and-a second -Winding connected individually V:inV :series withv said 'conductors 'at`zsaid`rst;rstation,. said windings arranged so .thatxtheireifectsiare .cue mulative so as to receiueequal .and/opposite amounts of energy for vmar-king andsp'acingsigeV nals transmitted :from sai-d second station- 3. A system Vinaccordance with claimi2;.zsources of potential of opposite polarityl atfs'aidfrsti'station, the magnitude of .reach :of 'fsaidrsources'dwice that of the magnitude:offtherxpctentialeiectiyely applied to said conductors,fatzsaidfseccndustation vfor the :marking condition, Vrrneansznat said rst station Vfor `simultaneously groundingbotli ofsaidconductcrs .for thermarking .conditionaand for simultaneously Vimpressi-ng said. sources'fof potential of twice the magnitude #connected :'toits respective opposite vend Vso vthat :the fpolaritiesmf the ypotentials at'the :opposite endsxo `each'individual conductor are theA same .'for :the 'spacing condition, Va :receiving relay .atsaid secondqstation having an individual-.winding .connected-.in series with each of tsaid conductors, :said wind.- ings arranged so that =theeflectgzofxthe nurrent thereinat anygiventime isoumulative.` f

4. -A `direct-current,'half duplex, polarentia-l telegraph system having two lnefconductors, each of said conductorstharing ia 'winding fcona nected Vin series -onY an individual v'receiving.relayA at each of two terminals, said windings. conf nected so thattheir effects are -cumulativesaid conductors both terminated at--on'e 'of -saidjterminals in ground for nthegmarking, conditions, sources of potential of -equal magnitudesandeop.- posite polarities vconnectable falternatelyoto said conductors at the other of .-saidterminals tor the marking and. spacing .conditions respective;-V

ly,y said conductors lclosely spaced, onef-romwtheV other, to minimize the elect of inductive interference 5. In a direct-current telegraph system, a rst and a second telegraph station, a rst and a second telegraph line connecting said stations, each of said lines grounded at said second station, means at said rst station for .applying apotential of plus a volts to said first line and of minus a volts to said second line simultaneously' for` a first signaling condition, means at said first station for applying a potential of minus a volts to said rst line and of plus a volts to said second line simultaneously for a second signaling condition, while said lines remain grounded at said second station for both of said signaling conditions, means at said second station for applying a potential of plus 2a volts to said lrst line and of minus 2a volts to said second line simultaneously for a third signaling condition while said potential of plus a volts is applied to said first line and said potential of minus a volts is applied to said second line at said rst station and a receiving device at each of said stations, each of said devices having two windings, one of said windings on each of said devices connected in series with said first line and the other of said windings on each of said devices connected in series with said second line, said two windings of each of said devices interconnected so that their effects in each of said relays are cumulative.

6. A system in accordance with claim 5 including a variable resistance network connected in each of said lines at said first station for adjusting the potential applied to said lines.

'7. In a direct-current telegraph system, a pair of lines interconnecting a pair of stations, said pair of lines grounded at one of said stations, means at the other of said stations for applying polar telegraph signals to each of said lines of said pair simultaneously, with the polarity applied to one of said lines the reverse of the polarity applied to the other of said lines at all times, means at said one of said stations for applying to each of said lines individually a potential of twice the magnitude and of the same polarity as is applied to it individually at said other of said stations, a polar receiving relay at each of said stations, each of said relays having two windings, one of said windings of each of said relays connected in series with one of said lines and the other of said windings of each of said relays connected in series with the other of said lines, said windings on each of said relays connected so that their effects on each relay are cumulative.

8. A system in accordance with claim '7 including manually operable variable resistances connected in series and in shunt with said lines at the other of said stations for adjusting the potential applied to said lines.

9. A system in accordance with claim 7 including an auxiliary relay at said other station for preventing the retransmission of signals passing i through said other station toward said one station back toward their source.

10. A system in accordance ywith claim '7 in which an individual polar relay applies said polar signals to each of said lines at said other station and in which said polar receiving relay at said other station follows the signals transmitted toward said one station, said system including an auxiliary relay to prevent the retransmission of said signals so followed toward their source.

ll. In a direct-current telegraph system, a pair of telegraph lines grounded at a rst station and extending to a second station, relay means at said second station for applying polar signals-toiea'ch of said lines simultaneously, the polaritiesof the potentials applied to each of said lines at any one time being opposed to the polarity applied to the other, relay means at said rst station for grounding each of said lines simultaneously as a Aiirst signaling condition and for simultaneously applying to each of said lines individually a potential of twice the magnitude of and of opposite polarity to the potential applied to saidl line at said second station as a second signaling condition, a receiving relay at each of said stations, said relays each having two windings, one winding of each of said two windings connected individually in series in each of said lines, said windings connected so that their effects are cumulative in each of said relays and a biasing winding on said receiving relay at said second station, the magnitude of the effect of said biasing winding being equal to the average of the effects of the signals received from said rst station and opposed thereto.

12. In a direct-current telegraph system a rst telegraph line grounded at a rst station, said line extending through a contact and armature of a rst sending relay through a iirst winding of a iirst receiving relay at said rst station to a second station, through a second winding on a second receiving relay, through an armature and contact of a second sending relay, through a rst source of negative potential of magnitude a to ground, a second telegraph line grounded at said first station, said line extending through a contact and armature of a third sending relay, through a third winding on said first receiving relay to said second station, through a fourth winding on said second receiving relay, through an armature and contact on a fourth sending relay to a second source of positive potential of magnitude a, said windings on each of said receiving relays connected so that their effects on their respective relays are cumulative, means for actuating said armatures of said second and fourth sending relays so as to impress said second source of positive potential a on said rst line and said rst source of negative potential a on said second line, simultaneously, at said second station, while said ground remains connected to said lines at said rst station, a third source of positive potential of magnitude 2a and a fourth source of negative potential of magnitude 2a at said rst station and means for actuating said armatures of said iirst and third sending relays so as to connect said third and fourth sources of said rst and said second lines, respectively, simultaneously, while said first and said second sources of potential are connected to said iirst and said second lines respectively at said second station, a biasing winding on said second receiving relay, the effect of said winding being equal and opposite to one half of the sum of the combined effects of said second and fourth winding for the grounded condition and the 2a potential conditions of said lines at said rst station.

13. In a direct-current telegraph system, two telegraph lines interconnecting two telegraph stations, a double commutator for connecting each of said lines simultaneously to sources of equal and opposite potentials and then reversing the connections to said sources, simultaneously, at one of said stations, both of said lines grounded meanwhile at the other of said stations, another double commutator at said other of said stations,

, for connecting both of said lines alternately to 1s y ifs ,l'roundrfmultaneouslyStor-one.'sg1ia;1ing-condi u'REI'ERENCES GITED `tz-ibn, lto `sources fofpobentia1 of :twice the magnitude "bf Vsaicl. 'sources =at saidnone- Station, :simultaneous-1y, .for yo; Vsecond signaling condition,

K Tho following references are of reoordin ish' le f this batn't:

dike 1sour-oe of potentialV atfeach end `of each line :5 NITED STATES PATENTS `:bei-ngSinserie's aiding frla'tionship for its lrespec- VNumber Y .Name VData'e 1-Yrllw=gv1-ine 'for Isaid secondrc'ondition, an Lmbi'asd .1,402,240 Masters Jan. 3, v.1922 relay controlled cooperatively by said lines :aty 1,762,952 Be11, ..f v Feb. 28, 1'928 `ls'aidoth'er Station, and a biased relay Controlled 1,865,571 VKline v f f l r July 5, 11932 izooperatively byfsa-id flines'at said onestation. p10

lFRANK H. FAY. 

